Advice on Specific Clauses
Understanding specific contract clauses such as break clauses and dilapidation points
It is common to require advice on the meaning and application of specific contract clauses. You may want a view simply because the wording is ambiguous, and you wish to understand the position and any risk attached. Or you need clarity to exercise a right pursuant to the clause or because your landlord/tenant is demanding additional payment(s) or obligations given their interpretation of the clause.
As a tenant, you want to make sure that you exercise your break right properly, otherwise you could find yourself committed to the existing tenancy, not being able to move and possibly facing double tenancy obligations if you have already committed to a new premises. A landlord will want to check if a tenant has operated their break right successfully to see if they can hold them to the remainder of the full term or obtain leverage for another purpose such as a settlement in lieu of releasing them from the full term.
There are specific rules that are implied by caselaw and statute that are not obvious on the face of the tenancy agreement regarding the contents of a break notice, how the notice should be served, when it should be served, what the correct break date is and how to fully comply with any break conditions. Even the most diligent tenants can find themselves tripping up.
We have vast experience acting for a wide variety of landlord and tenants in respect of:
The term dilapidations refers to the obligations relating to repair, decoration, returning the premises (‘yielding up’), reinstatement of alterations and statutory compliance required to be done at the end of the term in order to put the premises back into a lease compliant state. In the absence of any specific requirements to the contrary or dilapidations being a break condition, generally a tenant has the option to either do the works or not and face a financial claim after expiry of the tenancy which the landlord will kick start via service of a ‘schedule of dilapidations’.
There are different factors that contribute to the outcome of dilapidations liability which are often overlooked including timing and notice provisions in the tenancy agreement, whether there is a schedule of condition, the terms of any licences to alter and the applicability of the statutory cap on damages.
We strongly recommend that you get a dilapidations surveyor on board to assist with the practical side. Regarding the legals, we can assist in the following ways:
Please see our Property Disputes page for more general information on what we offer within the disputes remit.
Legal Considerations
A contract does not need to be written to be enforceable (except in certain situations eg transfer of land or assignments of IP), though it helps to have the precise terms in writing so that each party is aware of their obligations.
In order for a contract to be valid, it must have the following elements:
1. Offer - This is a statement of terms by which the offeror agrees to be contractually bound
2. Acceptance - The offer must be accepted, and acceptance of an offer must be unconditional
3. Consideration - Each party must exchange something of ‘value’ for a contract to valid. The consideration doesn’t have to be equal, but a contract will not be valid without some consideration.
4. Intention to create legal relations – It must be clear that the parties intend to create legal relations and are aware of their obligations
5. Certainty of terms - In order for a contract to be binding, all material terms must be agreed. If the agreement is uncertain, a court may not be able to enforce it
The terms of a contract can have differing statuses. Conditions are the most important terms of the contract. A breach of a condition will entitle a party to terminate the contract and claim damages whereas a breach of a warranty will only entitle a party to claim damages.
The contract may set out whether the term is a condition or warranty, or it may be designated in statute (eg Sale of Goods Act 1979). If there is no express classification in the contract or statute, the court will consider the nature of the contract, its subject matter and the surrounding circumstances in determining whether the term is a condition or warranty.
It is also possible to imply terms into a contract, in addition to the terms which are expressly stated. Terms can be implied on the basis of usage or custom, previous course of dealings, the intention of the parties, common law, statute and to give business efficacy. You cannot imply a term if it directly contradicts an express term.
Any loss that is suffered must be a direct consequence of the breach of contract and have been reasonably foreseeable by both parties at the time the contract was entered into.
Other factors to Consider
News, Insights & Resources
During the recent session from our ‘General Counsel Know How’ series, commercial property partner Helen Lucas and consultant Michael Whitaker led an interesting discussion on hotly contested lease terms that should be properly considered even before the landlords and tenants sign heads of terms.
During the recent session from our ‘General Counsel Know How’ series, commercial property partner Helen Lucas and consultant Michael Whitaker led an interesting discussion on hotly contested lease terms that should be properly considered even before the landlords and tenants sign heads of terms.
The Law Commission of England and Wales has recently announced its plans to review the workings of the right to renew business tenancies, as outlined in Part 2 of the Landlord and Tenant Act 1954. This legislation provides a framework that entitles qualifying tenants protection when it comes to renewing their business tenancies known as “security of tenure”, however, it was created following the Second World War, since which time the property landscape and the commercial needs of landlords and tenants have notably evolved.
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